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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00090_Field_frep116.txt
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1996-12-30
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Even after twenty years we
still do not know how the
inputs to cortical cells are
wired in order to bring about
this behavior. Several plausible
circuits have been proposed,
and it may well be that one of
them, or several in
combination, will turn out to
be correct. Simple cells must be
built up from the antecedent
cells with circular fields; by far
the simplest proposal is that a
simple cell receives direct
excitatory input from many
cells at the previous stage, cells
whose receptive-field centers
are distributed along a line in
the visual field, as shown in
the diagram to the left.
This type of wiring could
produce a simple-cell receptive
field. On the right, four cells
are shown making excitatory
synaptic connections with a
cell of higher order. Each of the
lower-order cells has a radially
symmetric receptive field with
on-center and off-surround,
illustrated by the left side of
the diagram. The centers of
these fields lie along a line. If
we suppose that many more
than four center-surround
cells are connected with the
simple cell, all with their field
centers overlapped along this
line, the receptive field of the
simple cell will consist of a
long, narrow excitatory region
with inhibitory flanks.
Avoiding receptive-field
terminology, we can say that
stimulating with a small spot
anywhere in this long, narrow
rectangle will strongly activate
one or a few of the center-
surround cells and in turn
excite the simple cell,
although only weakly.
Stimulating with a long,
narrow slit will activate all the
center-surround cells,
producing a strong response in
the simple cell.
It seems slightly more
difficult to wire up a cell that is
selectively responsive to edges,
as shown in the third drawing
(c) in the diagram at the head of
the section. One workable
scheme would be to have the
cell receive inputs from two
sets of antecedent cells having
their field centers arranged on
opposite sides of a line, on-
center cells on one side, off-
center cells on the other, all
making excitatory connections.
In all these proposed circuits,
excitatory input from an off-
center cell is logically
equivalent to inhibitory input
from an on-center cell,
provided we assume that the
off-center cell is spontaneously
active.
Working out the exact
mechanism for building up
simple cells will not be easy.
For any one cell we need to
know what kinds of cells feed
in information--for example,
the details of their receptive
fields, including position,
orientation if any, and whether
on or off center--and whether
they supply excitation or
inhibition to the cell. Because
methods for obtaining this kind
of knowledge don't yet exist, we
are forced to use less direct
approaches, with
correspondingly higher
chances of being wrong. The
mechanism summarized in the
diagram at left seems to me the
most likely because it is the
most simple.